1) American Revolution was not really a revolution. Critically examine.
UPSC Mains Syllabus topic: History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial Revolution, world wars, Redrawal of National Boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.Why was this question asked?
1. “American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism.” Substantiate.
2. American Revolution was not really a revolution. Critically examine. (UPSC History Optional Question)
Introduction: The American Revolution, a pivotal event in American history, has sparked debates about its revolutionary nature. While some argue that it transformed American society and upheld radical principles, others contend that it was a conservative movement aimed at preserving the existing social, political, and economic order.
Body:
I. The Revolution as a Radical Transformation:
Legal and political foundations:
1. James Otis and the challenge against writs of assistance.
2. Appeal to natural law and inherent human rights.
3. Fusion of English liberties and universal principles.
The assertion of natural rights:
1. Independence based on higher principles, not material necessity.
2. Jefferson’s eloquent expression in the Declaration of Independence.
3. Government by consent and protection of inalienable rights.
The revolutionary essence:
1. Revolt against government power and arbitrary laws.
2. Affirmation of natural law and right as the basis for political power.
II. The Revolution as a Conservative Movement:
Restoring the English governmental system:
1. Initial desire for reconciliation with Great Britain.
2. Anglophilia and adherence to British norms.
3. Preservation of colonial social and economic structures.
Limited social and economic upheaval:
1. Absence of social cataclysm and economic reinvention.
2. Comparison with more radical revolutions in Russia and France.
3. Lack of extensive social rearrangement or class revolution.
The preservation of institutionalized oppression:
1. Continued existence of slavery despite the revolution.
2. Barriers between rich and poor, but greater fluidity than in Europe.
3. Revolutionary principle driven by adherence to natural law, not material exigency.
Conclusion: The fusion of English liberties with universal principles and the assertion that government power is subordinate to natural law make the American Revolution a transformative event in history. It is through the lens of these transcendent principles that the American struggle for freedom can be truly considered revolutionary.